Saturday, February 28, 2015

Dünya Kutup Ayıları Günü

 Küresel ısınma ve iklim değişiklikleri nedeniyle nesli bu yüzyıl içinde tükenme tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya olan kutup ayıları hakkında farkındalık yaratmak için, her yıl 27 Şubat’ta ‘Dünya Kutup Ayıları Günü‘ kutlanıyor.
Genel olarak, yetişkin bir kutup ayısının ağırlığı 350 ile 500 kg arasında değişiyor. Şu ana kadar tesbit edilen en büyük kutup ayısının ağırlığı 1 tondu. Erkeklerinden daha hafif olan dişi kutup ayılarının genel ağırlığı da 150 ile 300 kg arasında değişiyor.
























Saturday, February 21, 2015

the First World War, a deadly conflict that paved the way for revolutions and major political upheaval in the 20th century.

More than 9 million soldiers died as a result of the First World War, a deadly conflict that paved the way for revolutions and major political upheaval in the 20th century. 
Images of victory and pride have been circulated widely since the fighting ended in 1918, but lesser known are the pictures which show how troops and civilians lived their everyday lives while the bloodshed unfolded. 
On the 100th anniversary of the outbreak of the Great War , the Moscow House of Photography has prepared a large-scale international project called 'The War That Ended Peace' that brings together a collaboration of images from the world’s leading museums, alongside public and private archives.
The stunning photographs depict the war through the eyes of those who fought on all sides of the conflict. It includes prisoners of wars staring through the barbed wire fences of German camps, wounded soldiers with limbs amputated walking through Poland, and families attending private funerals of the fallen in France.
The grainy pictures also capture soldiers, wearing their gasmasks, waiting patiently in the trenches, while others are seen running through a cloud of smoke.
epa04298301 A handout picture provided by the Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow (MAMM) press service in Moscow, Russia on 04 July 2014, shows an old photograph entitled 'Prisoners of the British Army. 1918' by an unknown identity, from a private collection from France. MAMM is presenting multimedia project 'The War That Ended Peace' organized together with major international museums, state archives and private collectors of Russia, France and Italy to mark the 100th anniversary of the First World War. The exhibition runs from 04 July to 19 October 2014.  EPA/PRIVATE COLLECTION, FRANCE / HANDOUT EDITORIAL USE ONLY IN CONNECTION TO THE REPORTING ON THE STORY= HANDOUT EDITORIAL USE ONLY/NO SALES
Unity: A picture titled 'Prisoners of the British Army', taken in 1918, was taken from a private collection in France. It forms part of 'The War That Ended Peace' project
epa04298316 An undated handout picture provided by the Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow (MAMM) press service in Moscow, Russia on 04 July 2014, shows an old photograph entitled 'Nurse of the French Red Cross helps to an indigent. Germany, 1914-1918' by an unknown identity, from the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Library (DR). MAMM is presenting multimedia project 'The War That Ended Peace' organized together with major international museums, state archives and private collectors of Russia, France and Italy to mark the 100th anniversary of the First World War. The exhibition runs from 04 July to 19 October 2014.  EPA/ICRC LIBRARY (DR) / HANDOUT EDITORIAL USE ONLY IN CONNECTION TO THE REPORTING ON THE STORY HANDOUT EDITORIAL USE ONLY/NO SALES
Care: A picture provided by Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow (MAMM) shows an old photograph showing a nurse of the French Red Cross helping an indigent
Walking wounded: This picture shows troops involved in an exchange of German and Austrian prisoners of war in Sweden 
Walking wounded: This picture shows troops involved in an exchange of German and Austrian prisoners of war in Sweden 
Trapped: This grainy photo shows a prisoner looking through the barbed fire fence at the St Felix German Prisoners camp in Aisne, northern France 
Trapped: This grainy photo shows a prisoner looking through the barbed fire fence at the St Felix German Prisoners camp in Aisne, northern France 
Infantry: A group of soldiers wearing H.P gas marks having taken a trench, fire at the retreating enemy 
Infantry: A group of soldiers wearing H.P gas marks having taken a trench, fire at the retreating enemy 
Behind the screen: Troops wearing gas masks and helmets emerge from the smoke created by a gas attack
Behind the screen: Troops wearing gas masks and helmets emerge from the smoke created by a gas attack
A Senegalese soldier cleans his rifle in France. At the outbreak of war in 1914, many of the soldiers moved from active duty in Northern Africa to be stationed in Europe
A Senegalese soldier cleans his rifle in France. At the outbreak of war in 1914, many of the soldiers moved from active duty in Northern Africa to be stationed in Europe
Trail of destruction: This image, taken in 1917, shows debris inside a 'ruined church'. It is believed to have been located in France 
Trail of destruction: This image, taken in 1917, shows debris inside a 'ruined church'. It is believed to have been located in France 
epa04298306 A handout picture provided by the Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow (MAMM) press service in Moscow, Russia on 04 July 2014, shows an old photograph entitled 'Infantry of the 1st Brigade Polish Legions enters Kowel, 1915' by an unknown identity, from a collection of the Polish Army Museum in Warsaw. MAMM is presenting multimedia project 'The War That Ended Peace' organized together with major international museums, state archives and private collectors of Russia, France and Italy to mark the 100th anniversary of the First World War. The exhibition runs from 04 July to 19 October 2014.  EPA/POLISH ARMY MUSEUM / HANDOUT EDITORIAL USE ONLY IN CONNECTION TO THE REPORTING ON THE STORY HANDOUT EDITORIAL USE ONLY/NO SALES
March: The Infantry of the 1st Brigade Polish Legions enters Kowel in 1915.The image was donated by the Polish Army Museum in Warsaw
Inside the camp: A guard stands in the shadows at Holzminden prisoner of war camp in Lower Saxony, Germany 
Inside the camp: A guard stands in the shadows at Holzminden prisoner of war camp in Lower Saxony, Germany 
Guard: Soldiers stand outside the entrance of the Citadelle de Verdun in Meuse, France.The doorway leads to nearly three miles of tunnels 
Guard: Soldiers stand outside the entrance of the Citadelle de Verdun in Meuse, France.The doorway leads to nearly three miles of tunnels 
Armoury: This picture shows shells neatly lined up in a French workshop in 1916. Tanks were developed during the Great War to combat the stalemate of trench warfare
Armoury: This picture shows shells neatly lined up in a French workshop in 1916. Tanks were developed during the Great War to combat the stalemate of trench warfare
Convenience store: Russian soldiers stand outhside a shop which sells 'spiritueux et liqueurs' (spirits and liquor) on the Place des Marches in Reims, France 
Convenience store: Russian soldiers stand outhside a shop which sells 'spiritueux et liqueurs' (spirits and liquor) on the Place des Marches in Reims, France 
epa04298297 A handout picture provided by the Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow (MAMM) press service in Moscow, Russia on 04 July 2014, shows an old photograph entitled 'Tsarskoe Selo Palace: Imperator Nicholas II inspecting the Belgian Volunteers' Corps and receiving explanations  from the Corps' Chief, Major Colon before sending them on the Galicia front line. Early January 1916' by an unknown identity, from the Collection of the Royal Museum of Army and Military History in Brussels, Belgium. MAMM is presenting multimedia project 'The War That Ended Peace' organized together with major international museums, state archives and private collectors of Russia, France and Italy to mark the 100th anniversary of the First World War. The exhibition runs from 04 July to 19 October 2014.  EPA/FOUNDATION FOR PRESERVATION OF THE RUSSIAN HERITAGE IN THE EU EDITORIAL USE ONLY IN CONNECTION TO THE REPORTING ON THE STORY HANDOUT EDITORIAL USE ONLY/NO SALES
The last emperor: Tsar Nicholas II (pictured on the left in the papakha ) inspects Belgian volunteers before sending them onto the Gallicia front line
Nourishment: A soldier on leaves sits down to enjoy a well-deserved meal at the Gare de l'Est military canteen in Paris in 1917 
Nourishment: A soldier on leaves sits down to enjoy a well-deserved meal at the Gare de l'Est military canteen in Paris in 1917 
The fallen: An image entitled 'Narwa military burial' shows a group of mourners surrounding a cross in a cemetery 
The fallen: An image entitled 'Narwa military burial' shows a group of mourners surrounding a cross in a cemetery 
epa04298308 A handout picture provided by the Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow (MAMM) press service in Moscow, Russia on 04 July 2014 shows an old photograph entitled 'British and Russian officers of the RNAS Armoured Car Squadron in Galicia prior to the Russian offensive of July 1917' by an unknown identity, from a collection of the Imperial War Museums in London, Britain. MAMM is presenting multimedia project 'The War That Ended Peace' organized together with major international museums, state archives and private collectors of Russia, France and Italy to mark the 100th anniversary of the First World War. The exhibition runs from 04 July to 19 October 2014.  EPA/IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUMS / HANDOUT EDITORIAL USE ONLY IN CONNECTION TO THE REPORTING ON THE STORY HANDOUT EDITORIAL USE ONLY/NO SALES
Sitting together: A group of British and Russian officers of the RNAS Armoured Car Squadron in Galicia relax in a field prior to the Russian offensive of July 1917
On the ground: A female worker carefully paints the wing of an SE5A aircraft at the Austin Motor Company factory in Birmingham in 1918 
On the ground: A female worker carefully paints the wing of an SE5A aircraft at the Austin Motor Company factory in Birmingham in 1918 

When the war began, Europe's armies had an understanding of warfare that put the use of cavalry in high regard. Soon, however, the deadly terrain that evolved around trench warfare rendered cavalry attacks nearly useless on the Western Front. But the need for constant resupply, movement of new heavy weaponry, and the transport of troops demanded horse power on a massive scale -- automobiles, tractors, and trucks were relatively new inventions and somewhat rare. British and French forces imported horses from colonies and allies around the world, a near-constant flow of hundreds of thousands of animals across the oceans, headed for war. One estimate places the number of horses killed during the four years of warfare at nearly 8 million. Other animals proved their usefulness as well: Dogs became messengers, sentries, rescuers, and small beasts of burden. Pigeons acted as messenger carriers, and even (experimentally) as aerial reconnaissance platforms. Mules and camels were drafted into use in various war theatres, and many soldiers brought along mascots to help boost morale. Only a couple of decades later, at the onset of World War II, most military tasks assigned to animals were done by machines, and warfare would never again rely so heavily on animal power.

1
A single soldier on his horse, during a cavalry patrol in World War I. At the start of the war every major army had a substantial cavalry, and they performed well at first. However, the development of barbed wire, machine guns and trench warfare soon made attacks from horseback far more costly and ineffective on the Western Front. Cavalry units did prove useful throughout the war in other theatres though, including the Eastern Front, and the Middle East. (National Library of Scotland)

2
Gas attack on the West Front, near St. Quentin 1918 -- a German messenger dog loosed by his handler. Dogs were used throughout the war as sentries, scouts, rescuers, messengers, and more. (Brett Butterworth) #

3
German soldiers pose near a horse mounted with a purpose-built frame, used to accommodate a captured Russian Maxim M1910 machine gun complete with its wheeled mount and ammunition box. (Brett Butterworth) #

4
Bandages retrieved from the kit of a British Dog, ca. 1915. (Library of Congress) #

5
A pigeon with a small camera attached. The trained birds were used experimentally by German citizen Julius Neubronner, before and during the war years, capturing aerial images when a timer mechanism clicked the shutter. (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) #

6
Unloading a mule in Alexandria, Egypt, in 1915. The escalating warfare drove Britain and France to import horses and mules from overseas by the hundreds of thousands. Vulnerable transport ships were frequent targets of the German Navy, sending thousands of animals to the bottom of the sea. (Bibliotheque nationale de France) #

7
Sergeant Stubby was the most decorated war dog of World War I and the only dog to be promoted to sergeant through combat. The Boston Bull Terrier started out as the mascot of the 102nd Infantry, 26th Yankee Division, and ended up becoming a full-fledged combat dog. Brought up to the front lines, he was injured in a gas attack early on, which gave him a sensitivity to gas that later allowed him to warn his soldiers of incoming gas attacks by running and barking. He helped find wounded soldiers, even captured a German spy who was trying to map allied trenches. Stubby was the first dog ever given rank in the United States Armed Forces, and was highly decorated for his participation in seventeen engagements, and being wounded twice. (Wikimedia Commons) #

8
Members of the Royal Scots Greys cavalry regiment rest their horses by the side of the road, in France. (National Library of Scotland) #

9
At Kemmel, West Flanders, Belgium. The effect of enemy artillery fire upon German ambulances, in May of 1918.(National Archive/Official German Photograph of WWI) #

10
Red Crescent Hospital at Hafir Aujah, 1916. (Library of Congress) #

11
A corporal, probably on the staff of the 2nd Australian general hospital, holds a koala, a pet or mascot in Cairo, in 1915.(Australian War Memorial) #

12
Turkish cavalry exercises on the Saloniki front, Turkey, March of 1917. (National Archives) #

13
A messenger dog with a spool attached to a harness for laying out new electric line in September of 1917.(National Archive/Official German Photograph of WWI) #

14
An Indian elephant, from the Hamburg Zoo, used by Germans in Valenciennes, France to help move tree trunks in 1915. As the war dragged on, beasts of burden became scarce in Germany, and some circus and zoo animals were requisitioned for army use.(Nationaal Archief) #

15
German officers in an automobile on the road with a convoy of wagons; soldiers walk along side the road. (Library of Congress) #

16
"These homing pigeons are doing much to save the lives of our boys in France. They act as efficient messengers and dispatch bearers not only from division to division and from the trenches to the rear but also are used by our aviators to report back the results of their observation." (WWI Signal Corps Photograph Collection) #

17
Belgian Army pigeons. Homing pigeon stations were set up behind the front lines, the pigeons themselves sent forward, to return later with messages tied to their legs. (Library of Congress) #

18
Two soldiers with motorbikes, each with a wicker basket strapped to his back. A third man is putting a pigeon in one of the baskets. In the background there are two mobile pigeon lofts and a number of tents. The soldier in the middle has the grenade badge of the Royal Engineers over the chevrons which show he is a sergeant. (National Library of Scotland) #

19
A message is attached to a carrier pigeon by British troops on the Western Front, 1917. One of France's homing pigeons, named Cher Ami, was awarded the French "Croix de Guerre with Palm" for heroic service delivering 12 important messages during the Battle of Verdun. (Bibliotheque nationale de France) #

20
A draft horse hitched to a post, its partner just killed by shrapnel, 1916. (Bibliotheque nationale de France) #

21
The feline mascot of the light cruiser HMAS Encounter, peering from the muzzle of a 6-inch gun. (Australian War Memorial) #

22
General Kamio, Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese Army at the formal entry of Tsing-Tau, December, 1914. The use of horses was vital to armies around the world during World War I. (Paul Thompson/New York Times) #

23
Belgian refugees leaving Brussels, their belongings in a wagon pulled by a dog, 1914. (Bibliotheque nationale de France) #

24
Australian Camel Corps going into action at Sharia near Beersheba, in December of 1917. The Colonel and many of these men were killed an hour or so afterward. (Australian official photographs/State Library of New South Wales) #

25
On the Western Front, a dead German artilleryman and several draft horses, ca. 1918. Exact figures are hard to come by, but an estimated 8 million horses died during the four years of war. (Library of Congress) #

26
A soldier and his horse in gas masks, ca. 1918. (Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library) #

27
German Red Cross Dogs head to the front. (Library of Congress) #

28
An episode in Walachia, Romania. (Der Weltkrieg im Bild/Upper Austrian Federal State Library) #

29
Belgian chasseurs pass through the town of Daynze, Belgium, on the way from Ghent to meet the German invasion.(Library of Congress/Underwood & Underwood, War of the Nations, New York Times) #

30
The breakthrough west of St. Quentin, Aisne, France. Artillery drawn by horses advances through captured British positions on March 26, 1918. (National Archive/Official German Photograph of WWI) #

31
Western Front, shells carried on horseback, 1916. (Bibliotheque nationale de France) #

32
Camels line a huge watering station, Asluj, Palestinian campaign, 1916. (Library of Congress) #

33
A British Mark V tank passes by a dead horse in the road in Peronne, France in 1918. (Nationaal Archief) #

34
A dog-handler reads a message brought by a messenger dog, who had just swum across a canal in France, during World War I.(National Library of Scotland) #

35
Horses requisitioned for the war effort in Paris, France, ca. 1915. Farmers and families on the home front endured great hardship when their best horses were taken for use in the war. (Library of Congress) #

36
In Belgium, after the Battle of Haelen, a surviving horse is used in the removal of dead horses killed in the conflict, 1914.(Bibliotheque nationale de France) #

37
A dog trained to search for wounded soldiers while under fire, 1915. (Bibliotheue nationale de France) #

38
Algerian cavalry attached to the French Army, escorting a group of German prisoners taken in fighting in the west of Belgium.(Library of Congress/Underwood & Underwood, War of the Nations, New York Times) #

39
A Russian cossack, in firing position, behind his horse, 1915. (Bibliotheque nationale de France) #

40
Serbian artillery in action on the Salonika front in December of 1917. (Nationaal Archief) #

41
A horse strapped and being lowered into position to be operated on for a gunshot wound by 1st LT Burgett. Le Valdahon, Doubs, France. (CC BY Otis Historical Archives) #

42
6th Australian light-horse regiment, marching in Sheikh Jarrah, on the way to Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, in 1918.(Library of Congress) #

43
French cavalry horses swim across a river in northern France. (Underwood & Underwood) #

44
Dead horses and a broken cart on Menin Road, troops in the distance, Ypres sector, Belgium, in 1917. Horses meant power and agility, hauling weaponry, equipment, and personnel, and were targeted by enemy troops to weaken the other side -- or were captured to be put in use by a different army. (National Library of New Zealand) #

45
War animals carrying war animals -- at a carrier pigeon communication school at Namur, Belgium, a dispatch dog fitted with a pigeon basket for transporting carrier pigeons to the front line. (National Archives/Official German Photograph)